Unit 6 Descriptive Logs

Alliance System
1. started by Bismarck
2. designed to maintain Germany's hegemony on the European continent
3. Germany defeated France in 1871
4. Germany was forced to cede two provinces Alsace-Lorraine
5. Bismarck tried to befriend Austria, Russia, Italy and Britain in order to isolate France

Trench Warfare
1. both opposing armies have static lines of defense
2. first trench warfare was employed by Muhammad against the Quraishi army
3. there were usually main trenches and other smaller trenchs that connected the larger ones
4. occurred during the American Civil War and Russo-Japanese War
5. most of the techniques used in trench warfare were ancient

Total War
1. a military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources
2. used to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war
3. has been in use for centuries
4. first documented total war was the Peloponnesian War
5. war was fought between Athens and Sparta between 431 and 404 BC

Rationing
1. controlled distribution of resources
2. goods were usually scarce
3. has long been used in the military to make supplies last longer
4. limiting the purchase or usage of an item
5. allotement of scarce supplies

Propaganda
1. messages amied at influencing the opinions or behavior of large numbers of people
2. basic sense presents imformation in order to influence its audience
3. there are different techniques with advertising and public relations
4. advertising and public propaganda promote commercial products or organizations
5. particular opinion or poing of view

Treaty of Versailles
1. the peace treaty that ended WWI
2. signed exactly 5 years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
3. signed on November 11, 1918
4. treaty was between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany
5. Germany accepted full responsibility for causing the war

Fascism
1. an authoritarian political ideology
2. seek to forge a type of national unity
3. government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator.
4. movement based on or advocating such a system of government
5. dictatorial control

Totalitarianism
1. imposing a form of government
2. political authority exercises absolute and centralized control
3. opposing political and cultural expression is suppressed
4. practitioner or supporter of such a government
5. dictatorial

Adolf Hitler
1. a German politician
2. became leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party)
3. was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933
4. remained in office until his suicide in 1945
5. after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, he declared himself the leader

Holocaust
1. used to describe the killing of approximately 6 million European Jews
2. led by Adolf Hitler
3. genocide of European Jews
4. destruction on a mass scale
5. lasted from 1941 to 1945

D-day
1. a day on which an operation is to be launched
2. day on which allied forces invaded France during WWI
3. June 6, 1944
4. indicates the beginning of an attack
5. marks military operations on a specific date

Nuremberg Trials
1. series of trials held in Nuremberg, Germany
2. from 1945 to 1949
3. best known trial was Trial of the Major War Criminals
4. series of notable trials for the presecution of prominent members of the Nazi party
5. Allied powers Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States

Go To War? Heck No! Techno!

If a country just comes into another country and just kills people for no reason at all, then, yes war is quite necessary. But nothing to extravagant. Just go into that country for a few months and let them know who the boss is. Other than that I dont believe war is necessary for anything. Countries these days go to war if one country so much as says something that another country does not approve of. I think that is just a waste of money and a very large inconvenience for those in the military. I myself have 3 cousins in the Army and 2 of which are in Iraq and the other leaving for Iraq in December. Families of those that have to go overseas are devestated when they discover their loved ones have to go across the world to fight for something that is not worth fighting for. Therefore I believe war is not necessary.

Without these Revolutions, Where would we be?

I believe the Scientific Revolution has had the largest affect on the world today. For example, many things were invented and many inventions were improved.

1. Galileo Galilei improved the telescope and with the improvements he discovered many astronomical observations like phases of the planet Venus and the moons of Jupiter. Without these improvements and finding we probably would know to much about things that go on with the planets and other objects in space.

2. Isaac Newton developed calculus which lead to new applications of the methods of mathematics to science. He discovered the law of gravity and explained the orbit of the planets. Without these things that Newton discovered we wouldnt know anything about the way gravity works or the way planets orbit around the sun.

The Industrial Revolution was when most things were invented and some things were improved.

3. Thomas Savery made the first real attempt to use steam power for industrial use. Thomas Newcomen made the first safe and successful power plant. These attempts made it so that the factories and mills could be more fuel and energy efficient.

4. Gas lighting was a major industry. Gas lighting allowed factories and stores to remain open longer. Today, if the method had never been developed, all the stores and factories would probably close at sunset instead of at night.

5. Canals being built allowed ships to travel between different seaports. Therefore, trade and buying and selling in different parts of the country became possible. The building of canals also lead to the idea of railways. Without the canals buying and selling in different parts of the country and different cities would have not be possible.

6. Roads were not something that you didnt see but larger roads such as highways and interstates were not very popular. John Metcalf, Thomas Telford and John Macadam built these new larger roads also known as turnpikes. These roads would charge tolls therefore the money could be used to maintain the actual road. Tolls are still used today, not so much in the south but in the north.

7. Benjamin Franklin was involved with writing the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787. The United States probably wouldnt be an independent country if it werent for Benjamin Franklin helping write the Declaration of Independence.

8. Thomas Paine was famous for writing Common Sense. The pamphlet was a key in fomenting the American Revolution. During the American Revolution is when the United States gained Independence from the British.

9. Nationalism can be defined as many things but the main idea of it is political movement. Cultural nationalism is one of the most important type of nationalism because it means to share different cultures. If cultural nationalism were not accomplished then everyone would hate others who were not the same culture as them. Therefore, people would be racist. Today, racism is not that big of a problem due to cultural nationalism.

10. Scientific imperialism had a large impact on the country. It is the idea that all decisions have a scientific method. This idea is kinda like being able to explain the problem and find a solution to it in different steps. This idea is taught in schools today. Its like an easy way to slove problems.

Worldly Changes

When the Europeans started exploring and colonizing the world started to change as well. The Europeans used the land and its resources different from the way the Natives used the land and the resources. The Natives needed the land and everything that went along with it to survive. The Europeans did not use the land as the natives did. When the Spanish and Europeans came to the New World they had good expectations such as building churches and other things but when they started to destroy the land, they also started to destroy the lives of the Natives. The Europeans and Spanish treated the Natives well in the beginning then they enslaved the Natives. All of these things benefited the Europeans and Spanish in the end because the New World had many resources and goods that they have never seen or heard off therefore, they decided to take the goods back the to Old World and claim them. Taking new things back the Old World helped make some of the goods better. Like chocolate, it had a bitter-sweet taste and the Europeans added sugar to it and made it much more satisfying. In Conclusion, the Europeans and Spanish coming to the New World helped them but hurt the Natives.

Unit 5 Descriptive Logs

Heliocentric Theory
1. the sun is the center of the universe
2. Copernicus presented a full mathematical model of the theory
3. became the center of major religious dispute
4. states some or all of the planets revolve around the sun
5. Nicolaus Copernicus was the person who thought of this theory


Galileo
1. he was a physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher
2. played a major role in the scientific revolution
3. improved the telescope
4. he supported Copernicus
5. studied accelerated motion


Enlightenment
1. 18th century movement in European and American philosophy
2. emphasized the use of reason and experience
3. movement of intellectual liberation
4. had major influence on Bill of Rights and Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
5. influenced socialism and anarchism


Absolute Monarch
1. monarchical form of government
2. has power to rule his or her land or country and its citizens freely
3. has some laws or legally-organized direct opposition in force
4. has power over aristocracy and clergy
5. some have powerless or symbolic parliaments


Louis XIV
1. ruled as King of France and of Navarre
2. acceded the throne in 1643
3. remained on the throne until his death in 1715
4. acceded the throne a few months after his 5th birthday
5. he reign spanned 72 years


French Revolution
1. 1789 - 1799
2. a period of political and social unheaval in political history of France and Europe
3. absolute monarchy underwent many changes based on Enlightenment principles
4. the changes resulted in violent turmoil
5. Napoleonic wars resulted in the revolution


Napoleon Bonaparte
1. a french military and political leader
2. had significant impact on modern European history
3. he was a general during the French Revolution
4. Mediator of the Swiss Confederation
5. Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine


Industrial Revolution
1. period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
2. agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation had effect on socioeconomic
3. had effect on cultural conditions in Britain as well
4. spread throughout Europe and North America
5. eventually spread throughout the world


Adam Smith
1. a Scottish moral philosopher
2. a pioneering political economist
3. wrote two treatises
4. his work helped create the modern academic discipline of economics
5. one of the best-known intellectual rationales for free trade, capitalism and libertarianism


Karl Marx
1. 19th century philosopher, political economist and revolutionary
2. addressed a wide range of political and social issues
3. famous for his analysis of history
4. believed capitalism will be displaced by communism
5. he was a scholar and a political activist


Imperialism
1. forceful extension of a nation's authority
2. territorial conquest establishing economic and political domination
3. control of one or more countries by a dominant nation
4. policy of systematic domination by one country to another country
5. indicates a degree of dependence in the subordinate


Nationalism
1. refers to doctrine or political movement
2. has the right to constitute an independent or autonomous political community
3. usually defined in terms of ethnicity or culture
4. devoting the the interests or culture of one's nation
5. belief that nations will benefit from acting independently

Please grant access.

Dear Your Highness,
I have written you hoping that you would grant my wish to embark on a journey across the sea to a new land. I wish to set sail in May of 1497. The Caravel we will be sailing on is the Matthew. I plan on sailing across the sea in hopes of finding the Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island. While I embark on my journey, my main goals are to help spread Christianity and bring the three G's back to our land. My sailors and I will be using a compass and the portolan map to help us navigate. I believe you will be very pleased with the new things I will be bringing back to our homeland, things such as gold and spices. When we discover new things we will bring glory to all of England. I am pleased to have spoken with you about my excursion. Please be greatful and help with the expenses during my journey.

Thankyou,
John Cabot
January 9, 1497